Electric vehicle (EV) batteries are becoming one of the fastest-growing and least-governed waste streams globally. While Global North (classified by UN Trade and Development, UNCTAD) markets are building formal lithium-ion recycling systems, many Global South markets still rely on cheaper but highly toxic lead-acid batteries for low-cost mobility. This creates unequal environmental and human health risks, especially where informal recycling dominates and regulation is weak. Using literature and global trade data, we show that lead-acid batteries still dominate by traded weight, despite rapid lithium-ion growth. Without stronger global coordination on battery traceability, recycling and producer responsibility, electrification risks deepening environmental injustice rather than delivering a just transition.

Developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) and informed by SMEP case studies, this report examines current governance gaps and outlines coordinated regional and global responses to ensure that electrification supports a just transition, with regard to e-waste and battery recycling.

Recommended citation: Xylia, M., Taketani, S., & Pacini, H. (2026). Spent batteries: a global strategy for navigating the emerging e-mobility divide. SEI report. Stockholm Environment Institute. https://doi.org/10.51414/sei2026.024