In response to this growing crisis, a United Nations Global Plastics Treaty is under negotiations. UNCTAD has been conducting research and advocating for the recognition of non-plastic substitutes and alternatives in the future treaty.

This report builds on previous research and explores the role of marine-based non-plastic substitutes and alternatives (MBSAs). These alternatives, derived from marine resources such as seaweed, algae, and marine minerals, offer potential to replace conventional plastics in various applications, thereby reducing plastic waste and supporting sustainable development. Unlike conventional plastics, MBSAs are of natural origin, ranging from algae-based polymers for bioplastics to mineral compounds used as fillers in glass and ceramics.

Using a mixed-methods approach combining desk research, original data analysis, and key informant interviews (KIIs) (see Annex 1), this study investigates the economic feasibility, benefits, and trade implications of MBSAs, emphasizing their dual role in mitigating plastic pollution and promoting socioeconomic development, particularly in coastal regions and Small Island Developing States (SIDS). It also identifies and discusses key challenges related to the development of global MBSA industries in all three dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social, and environmental, assessing the maturity and overall fitness of enabling policy frameworks.